Bibliography : Martine BRUGGEMAN

L'Europe de la Dentelle (Stichting Kunstboek Edition)

The bobbin and needle laces are born together and not one of the other, since two completely different techniques are at the origin of their appearance....

In the course of their history, they have looked for the same graphics and have influenced each other...

It is not easier to determine where the lace was born.

There are, of course, ancient sources all over Europe...

We therefore find it normal to cite Flanders and Italy as a cradle...

Openwork embroidery, base of needle lace.

Needle lace is born from other simpler manual textile techniques such as openwork embroidery...

Catherine De Médicis (1519-1589) and Marie Stuart (1542-1587) were active embroiderers...

Reticella and Punto In Aria : The first needle lace.

La Reticella is a very advanced form of cut point. Although, strictly speaking, it can not be considered as lace since it is not an independent textile - which distinguishes precisely embroidery lace - it is considered, however, as lace on the needlee... In "Singular and new  pourtraicts..." edited in 1587, Vinciolo gives this graphic the name of cut point...

Punto in aria that is to say, in the air point ... The book thus obtained had no support and was totally independent of the fabric, a feature that raised this technique to the rank of lace.

Trimmings and the first bobbin lace

The trimmings term is a collective name that designates any application work used in furniture and clothing. The woven and woven bindings were the direct precursors of bobbin lace. It combines the techniques of weaving and braiding.